禽类Toll样受体研究进展

Toll样受体(TLRs)是模式识别受体家族的一员,在天然免疫反应中扮演重要角色。在禽类中至今已发现10种TLRs。研究表明在机体感染病原体时,将激活TLRs并引起一系列抗病毒相关因子的上调,参与宿主抗感染免疫反应。论文主要介绍禽类TLRs的基本特征及抗病毒信号转导通路,同时对TLRs的抗微生物作用进行分析,为TLRs的分子机制研究提供参考。     

Analysis of TLR1,TLR2,TLR4 and TLR5 Expression in Different Tissues of Jinding Duck

The aim of this study was to explore the expression profiles of Toll-like receptor (TLR) in different tissues,and to lay the foundation of TLRs research for ducks.Ten male Jinding ducks of 300 days of age were slaughtered,and the blood sample and 14 different kinds of tissues (spleen, liver, testise, lung,hypothalamus,pituitary gland,skin,leg muscle,heart,kidney, chest muscle,caecum,small intestine and thymus) were collected. The Primer Premier 5.0 software was used to design specific primers and the quantitative Real-time PCR method was used to detect the relative expression levels of TLR1,TLR2,TLR4 and TLR5 mRNA. The results showed that there were only one specific peak on the melting curve of each gene amplification products,indicating that the specificity of the primers were strong. The amplification efficiency of the target genes was 101.4% to 105.0% and the correlation coefficient (R²) was 0.98 to 1.000. The four kinds of TLRs expressed in all of the 14 tissues and blood with varying abundance in different tissues for each of the 4 kinds of TLRs.The expression levels of TLR1 was lowest in hypothalamus,and highest in chest muscle. The expression levels of TLR2 was lowest in small intestine,and highest in lung. The lowest expressed tissues for TLR4 and TLR5 were testis, and the highest expressed tissues were skin.The study indicated that TLRs were widely expressed in various tissues of duck,which laid the foundation for further study on the role mechanism of duck TLRs in the process of pathogen infection.     

昆虫鱼尼丁受体及以其为靶标的杀虫剂的研究进展

植物保护领域以昆虫鱼尼丁受体(ryanodine receptor,RyR)为靶标的杀虫剂的研发取得了突破性进展。对近年来RyR在分子结构、功能调节,以及对以RyR为靶标的杀虫剂的作用机制方面的研究进展进行了综述。昆虫RyR与哺乳动物RyR仅有约47%的同源性,因而是一个有效的杀虫剂靶标。昆虫RyR克隆与表达技术的成熟为新型杀虫剂的开发和作用机制的研究提供了有力的工具。昆虫RyR单通道、配体结合和免疫学特性的研究补充了RyR的电生理学数据。近年来开发的新型RyR杀虫剂通过激活害虫鱼尼丁敏感的细胞内钙离子释放通道来达到杀虫的效果。     

中国美利奴成母羊促甲状腺激素受体基因的克隆与组织表达

[目的]探讨绵羊TSHR基因序列及组织表达特征,为进一步研究TSHR在绵羊季节性繁殖中作用的分子机理奠定基础.[方法]利用RT-PCR技术克隆绵羊TSHR基因,并对序列进行生物信息学分析;采用半定量RT-PCR技术检测TSHR在绵羊不同组织的表达情况.[结果]以中国美利奴羊卵巢组织cDNA为模板,获得了3 276 bp的TSHR cDNA序列,包括全部编码区序列(Coding Sequence,CDS)长2 295 bp,编码764个氨基酸.TSHR蛋白结构经预测发现存在多个磷酸化位点和蛋白激酶C磷酸化位点.半定量RT-PCR结果显示,绵羊TSHR基因在所检测组织中均有表达,其中在下丘脑、松果体和垂体中呈高丰度表达,在甲状腺、子宫等组织呈中等丰度表达.[结论]从绵羊卵巢组织中克隆到TSHR基因并进行了序列分析;TSHR基因在绵羊各组织中广谱表达,但在下丘脑、松果体、垂体、甲状腺中表达水平较高,提示TSHR在绵羊季节性繁殖等重要生理活动的神经内分泌调节过程中发挥重要作用.     

紫花苜蓿盐诱导类受体蛋白激酶基因MsSIK1的克隆及功能分析

【目的】对紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L. cv. Zhongmu-1）stress-induced protein kinase gene 1（MsSIK1）进行克隆与表达研究,了解该基因的分子机制及其应用。【方法】以紫花苜蓿叶片总RNA为模板,根据同源克隆设计简并引物,利用RT-PCR结合RACE技术,获得MsSIK1的编码序列。利用同源性比对进行序列分析。通过SMART网站（http://smart.embl-heidelberg.de/）模拟该基因的蛋白结构。构建MsSIK1的亚细胞定位瞬时表达载体,使用基因枪转化法将MsSIK1与GFP在洋葱表皮细胞中融合瞬时表达并观察其亚细胞定位荧光信号。通过Real time-PCR分析MsSIK1在NaCl、ABA和干旱处理条件下的表达特征。利用农杆菌侵染方法获得转基因拟南芥植株,通过RT-PCR对转基因植株进行表达鉴定,获得转基因植株后,利用转基因株系进行盐处理进而对成苗期转基因拟南芥性状鉴定。在盐胁迫处理下,测定野生型与转基因株系的叶绿素含量、MDA含量进而验证该基因的抗盐功能。【结果】获得MsSIK1编码序列2 478 bp,编码825个氨基酸。该蛋白C端与多种植物激酶具有相当高的同源性,模拟蛋白结构发现该基因具有类受体蛋白激酶高度保守的丝氨酸/苏氨酸结构域、跨膜结构域和富含亮氨酸重复序列的膜外结构域。Real time-PCR分析表明该基因在NaCl、ABA和干旱处理条件下上调表达,其中在盐处理条件下,MsSIK1表达先升高后降低,在处理4 h时达到最大值（约为对照值的7倍）。在干旱胁迫处理时,MsSIK1受诱导表达增强明显,当处理2 h时表达量达到最大值（约为对照值的6倍）;ABA处理时,MsSIK1被诱导表达明显,当处理3 h时表达量达到最大值,约为对照值的6.8倍。MsSIK1与GFP融合瞬时表达的洋葱表皮细胞中的荧光信号主要集中于质膜附近,转化空载体的洋葱表皮细胞中的荧光信号分布于细胞各个部位。转基因植株的RT-PCR鉴定表明,T₁代6个株系中所得到的MsSIK1条带明显、亮度高,且T₁-10中表达量最高;但在野生型中检测不到该条带,说明外源基因已经整合到拟南芥染色体中并能遗传到子代。成苗期转基因拟南芥盐处理后发现T₃-2、T₃-6、T₃-10转基因株系较野生型植株长势好,说明MsSIK1的转入提高了拟南芥的抗盐性。与对照相比,转MsSIK1拟南芥在NaCl处理下,叶绿素含量下降较少,其中,野生型叶绿素含量降低了77%,T₃-3降低了53%,T₃-6降低了44%,T₃-10降低了35%;同样盐胁迫下,3个转基因株系的MDA含量积累较少,其中,野生型MDA的含量是T₃-10株系的1.3倍。【结论】MsSIK1作为一个类受体蛋白激酶受多种逆境胁迫诱导,该基因的过量表达提高了拟南芥的抗盐性。     

17β-Estradiol Regulates SKP2 Expression in Cultured Immature Boar Sertoli Cells Mainly via Estrogen Receptor β, cAMP-PKA and ERK1/2

Estrogen plays an important role in regulating testicular Sertoli cell number. Furthermore, S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 （SKP2） plays a central role in mammalian cell cycle progression. The objective of this study was to determine whether 17β-estradiol can regulate the expression of SKP2, and the Sertoli cell cycle, via estrogen receptor β （ERβ）, the cyclic adenosine monophosphate （cAMP）-protein kinase A （PKA） and extracellular signal-regulated kinase （ERK1/2） pathway. When cultured immature boar Sertoli cells were treated with 17β-estradiol, a time-dependent increase in SKP2 mRNA and protein level was observed by real-time PCR and Western blot, and 17β-estradiol activity peaked at 30 min. Treatment with ICI182780 and ERβ antagonist reduced 17β-estradiol-induced expression of SKP2 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen （PCNA）, while increasing the protein concentration of p27kip1. However, the effect of ERa antagonist on these parameters was lower than that of ICI 182780 and ERβ. Forskolin had a similar effect as 17β-estradiol on the expression of SKP2, PCNA and p27kip1, Rp-cAMP, H-89 and U0126 treatment reduced 17β-estradiol-induced changes, while H-89 also inhibited ERK1/2 activation. Therefore, 17β-estradiol mainly regulates SKP2 mRNA and protein expression via ERβ-cAMP-PKA and ERK1/2 activation. SKP2 and PCNA expression were positively correlated, while increased SKP2 expression likely resulted in p27kip1 degradation.     

饲料中添加酵母提取物对凡纳滨对虾免疫相关基因表达及抗菌机能的影响

为了评估饲料中添加酵母提取物对凡纳滨对虾免疫灵敏性和平衡性的相关基因表达的影响,以鱼粉含量为24.5%的基础饲料(对照组)及在基础饲料中添加2.5%酵母提取物的实验饲料,分别饲喂凡纳滨对虾56 d,检测两种饲料投喂的对虾在急性感染溶藻弧菌前后鳃组织Toll受体、IM D和溶菌酶mRNA表达量变化及感染后的对虾死亡情况。结果表明:摄食添加酵母提取物饲料的凡纳滨对虾鳃组织中Toll受体mRNA和溶菌酶mRNA表达量均显著高于对照组对虾(P0.05),IMD mRNA表达量与对照组无显著性差异(P0.05)。急性感染溶藻弧菌后,两组对虾鳃组织Toll受体、IMD和溶菌酶mRNA表达量随感染进程均出现显著变化,Toll受体、IMD和溶菌酶mRNA表达量峰值出现的时间分别为24、42和36 h,且摄食添加酵母提取物组对虾各基因的表达量峰值分别为对照组峰值的201.06%、481.46%和276.77%,均显著高于对照组对虾(P0.05)。摄食添加酵母提取物饲料组对虾鳃组织中Toll受体和IM D mRNA表达量在感染溶藻弧菌后12和24 h分别出现显著上调,而对照组对虾鳃组织中Toll受体和IMD mRNA表达量分别在感染弧菌后24和42 h才出现显著上调。两组对虾经溶藻弧菌人工急性感染后72 h内的累积死亡率无显著差异(P0.05)。实验表明,饲料中添加酵母提取物上调了溶藻弧菌感染前凡纳滨对虾Toll受体和溶菌酶mRNA的表达量,提早了溶藻弧菌感染后对虾Toll受体和IMD mRNA表达量上调时间,且增加了对虾Toll受体、IM D和溶菌酶mRNA表达量的峰值,在一定程度上提高了凡纳滨对虾免疫相关基因表达的灵敏性。     

绵羊肺腺瘤病毒受体透明质酸酶-2的原核表达及纯化

为建立绵羊肺腺瘤病毒(jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus,JSRV)受体透明质酸酶-2(Hyal-2)的原核高效表达体系,本试验设计了扩增JSRV受体Hyal-2基因的特异性引物,应用PCR技术扩增出Hyal-2全长基因,将该基因定向重组于原核表达载体pGEX-4T-1中,构建pGEX-4T-1-Hyal-2重组质粒,并转化到大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中,经IPTG诱导表达,逐步优化条件至稳定表达,经Western blotting检测融合蛋白成功表达后,通过亲和层析法对融合蛋白进行纯化。结果表明,Hyal-2基因正确地插入到原核表达载体pGEX-4T-1中;经诱导含重组质粒pGEX-4T-1-Hyal-2的表达菌高效表达了带GST标签的目的蛋白;SDS-PAGE电泳结果显示目的蛋白分子质量为80 ku,与预期大小一致,经Western blotting验证为带GST标签的融合蛋白;通过谷胱甘肽亲和层析法获得纯化的目的蛋白。本试验结果为进一步制备Hyal-2蛋白的多克隆抗体及深入研究其功能奠定基础。     

生长激素激活受体机理的研究进展

生长激素(growth hormone,GH)是一种含有191个氨基酸的多肽类激素,分子质量为22 ku,由垂体前叶分泌进入血液循环,与靶细胞膜表面以二聚体形式存在的生长激素受体(growth hormone receptor,GHR)相结合。对于受体的激活来说,仅是二聚化还不够,还需在GH的诱导下发生构象变化,进而才能诱发Janus激酶2(Janus kinase 2,JAK2)的酪氨酸磷酸化,并通过4条不同的路径将信号传入细胞内,从而发挥代谢、增殖及分化等一系列生理效应。作者就生长激素与受体的结构、作用机理、信号转导通路的进展进行综述。